The neutraceutical market witnessed a significant valuation of USD 540 billion in 2022 and is projected to nearly double by 2030. This surge in the market has sparked extensive research and discussions. A study titled "Nutraceuticals: a promising, yet unregulated Frontier in Healthcare" from the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition has shed light on the successful application of nutraceuticals in treating various health conditions while also emphasizing the associated risks.

Uncovering the Potential and Risks of Nutraceuticals

What are Nutraceuticals?

Nutraceuticals are products sourced from food that offer both medicinal and nutritional advantages. They encompass a wide range of categories such as dietary supplements with multiple nutrients, functional foods containing specific nutrients, medicinal foods formulated to manage specific diseases, and farmaceuticals produced from modified agricultural crops or animals. Additionally, there are nutraceutical beverages with health-promoting additives and nutraceuticals in pharmaceutical form. 1: The diverse nature of nutraceuticals allows for a variety of applications in healthcare. These products have the potential to provide targeted support to the body's physiological processes, making them an attractive option for those seeking alternative or complementary therapies. 2: The origin of nutraceuticals from food sources gives them a certain credibility and familiarity. People are more likely to embrace products that are derived from what they consume on a daily basis.

Benefits of Nutraceuticals

Research has demonstrated that the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic system plays a crucial role in sleep regulation as it is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the central nervous system. Nutraceuticals have the ability to modulate the GABA neurotransmitter, GABA receptors, and GABA synthesis and degradation, leading to improved sleep outcomes. 1: In the treatment of migraines, nutraceuticals have emerged as a safe and natural alternative to conventional therapies. By suppressing inflammation, curbing oxidative stress, and maintaining a healthy gut microbiome, nutraceuticals offer a promising approach to managing migraine pathology. 2: Nutraceuticals also hold the potential to slow down the aging process and protect against diseases. Nanotechnology has been instrumental in overcoming the limitations of conventional pill forms by producing nutraceuticals that are less toxic, more bioavailable, and sustainable. The importance of the gut-brain-microbiome (GBM) axis in mental health has been well-established, and research suggests that symbiotics, prebiotics, or probiotics can alleviate mood dysregulation and effectively treat obesity. Psychobiotics are also being considered as a new treatment for schizophrenia. 3: Regular mushroom consumption has been shown to benefit cognitive function during aging. A diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and micronutrients can have a positive impact on brain changes. For example, one study demonstrated the beneficial effects of pomegranate seed oil in preventing brain neurodegeneration due to its large anti-inflammatory fatty acids and antioxidant content.

Risks Associated with the Use of Nutraceuticals

Unlike food or drugs, nutraceutical supplements are not approved before sale. The evidence of health benefits for well-nourished adults is limited, and some products can be toxic. Lax regulations on nutraceuticals can lead to more harm than good. To ensure safe use, all stakeholders should collaborate, and reporting systems should be improved. 1: In the context of cardiovascular disease and cancer, the evidence is limited. Vitamin and mineral supplementation only showed a small reduction in cancer incidence. In high-risk individuals, beta-carotene increases the risk of lung cancer and other harmful outcomes. Additionally, a high intake of most amino acid supplements can lead to detrimental side effects. More research is needed to understand the suitability of these amino acid supplements under certain circumstances, the effects of high doses, and long-term consumption effects. 2: The long-term use of some dietary supplements may result in toxicity and cancer. Supplements like omega-3 fatty acids, red yeast rice, garlic, cinnamon, and turmeric are marketed for "cholesterol health," but they lack the regulatory scrutiny that pharmaceutical drugs undergo. Therefore, their use should not replace proven therapies. Additionally, omega-3 fatty acid supplements may prolong bleeding time, so caution is advised for blood-thinner users.Semaglutide (Wegovy) has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for chronic weight management. However, rare but serious side effects have been reported with its use. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, which are used for obesity treatment, are promising for weight loss but entail side effects and risks. In fact, one pharmacovigilance study has demonstrated mortality and serious adverse events related to GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Conclusion

Nutraceuticals, which combine food and medicine, are gaining popularity due to their potential to address multiple health concerns. Research has shown that nutraceuticals may alleviate migraines, improve sleep quality, combat oxidative stress, and promote mental well-being. They may also enhance cognitive function, aid in the management of neurodegenerative diseases, and reduce weight and pain.However, safety concerns cannot be overlooked due to lax regulations. Inaccurate and misleading claims are also widespread. To ensure safe and effective use, more research, stricter regulations, and greater consumer awareness are essential.